Writes the author: "When it comes to mountain bikes, we might think, 'I pay my taxes, therefore I have a right to ride my bike on public lands.' The conclusion I came to, after many years of self-righteous poaching, was the my idealism was bullshit." Photo courtesy Walleater/Creative Commons: creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
EDITOR'S NOTE: Mountain Journal is re-publishing with permission this essay below by veteran mountain biker Michael Ferrentino that appeared as part of Patagonia's The Cleanest Line, an ongoing series that addresses the ethics and personal responsibility of conservation stewardship.
By Michael Ferrentino
THERE WAS NO DISCERNIBLE DIFFERENCE between the trail I had been riding and the trail that stretched ahead of me. There was a sign, though, hanging from a thin wire fence, and a wooden ladder for hikers to climb over. The small yellow-and-black sign read, “Wilderness Boundary.” This was somewhere along the Pacific Crest Trail in the southern Sierra Nevada, south of Mammoth, north of Mexico, on a clear alpine summer day in 1994. I glanced around to check for hikers or horses, quickly lifted my bike over the fence, and kept riding.
I’d be lying if I said that was a one-time deal. Twenty-five years ago, I used to poach wilderness areas often and self-righteously. Sometimes the trails would be really, really good. Sometimes the poach would result in a long, difficult hike made slower and much more awkward by the bike I was forced to carry. Didn’t stop me. I felt like it was my right, my social entitlement, to access this public land by bicycle—an entirely human-powered act I believed left less impact than horses, maybe even hikers, and was part and parcel of the Wilderness Act’s original intent.
When it was first written in 1964, the Wilderness Act banned motorized access; it didn’t say anything about bicycles. That changed in 1984, when an amendment was added banning mechanized access, specifically to address the growing presence of mountain bikes in the backcountry.
I don’t poach wilderness anymore. Haven’t for a long time now. Something changed within me regarding how I think about wilderness. Chalk that up to the perspective afforded by the march of time, a view shaped by seeing so many pristine places become so heavily overused. Whether a tire tread, a hiking boot or cars crammed into a trailhead parking lot, they all bear the same message: The consequences of our individual actions ripple beyond ourselves and the present moment.
I don’t poach wilderness anymore. Haven’t for a long time now. Something changed within me regarding how I think about wilderness. Chalk that up to the perspective afforded by the march of time, a view shaped by seeing so many pristine places become so heavily overused.
Ironically, as my own understanding of wilderness has broadened, I find myself at odds with the current push among many mountain bike riders—my people—seeking legitimate and legal access to some wilderness areas. The most vocal is the Sustainable Trails Coalition (STC), a nonprofit formed in 2015 after a series of new wilderness designations closed hundreds of miles of trail to mountain bikers. In 2016, STC helped introduce Senate bill S.3205, or Human-Powered Travel in Wilderness Act, which would reverse the national wilderness ban on bicycles in favor of a case-by-case determination. That was followed by the similarly intentioned H.R. 1349 in 2017 and S.1695 in 2019.
The thing is, most of us don’t really let facts impact our thinking. We make decisions from a more emotional place. While facts might be considered, we often argue from a position of ideals, how we think things should be. When it comes to mountain bikes, we might think, “I pay my taxes, therefore I have the right to ride my bike on public lands.”
This may seem heretical to any seasoned adventurer, but my goal now is to not seek out the distant horizon, to no longer venture off the beaten path, for the risk that doing so will create new ones. Now when I think of Wilderness with a capital “W,” I picture a place where we humans exercise as much restraint as possible.
The conclusion I came to, after many years of self-righteous poaching, was that my idealism was bullshit. I began to question the legitimacy of these perceived “rights,” wondering whether we, as mountain bikers, deserve access to wilderness when we are already enjoying so much legal access in so many other places. My idea of recreation as a “right” shifted to that of a “privilege.”
Mountain biking is a recreational pursuit. It can be therapeutic, healthy and mind and soul expanding. It can act as our touchstone to nature. We are playing on our bikes in the beautiful parts of this planet, and many of us do so with a deep respect and profound love. But bikes are sophisticated toys, and we are deluding ourselves if we think that by riding them we are somehow erasing the grave wounds our species is inflicting on the planet.
Everything we do leaves a mark, and any attempt to justify its impact by comparing it to the severity of other impacts conveniently sidesteps the fact we are still leaving a mark. There’s a line in the Wilderness Act that identifies one of its purposes as providing “opportunities for solitude or a primitive and unconfined type of recreation.” That is a noble vision.
But it was written a long time ago. There were 3.2 billion people on the planet in 1964, far less than half the number there are today, and our impact has been increasing exponentially ever since. We now enjoy global communication at rates unimaginable 50 years ago, a level of connectivity turbocharged by social media that is showing the world’s sparsely populated areas getting trampled for nothing more than a selfie.
I stopped riding in wilderness areas when protecting wildlife habitat, biological diversity and the simple existence of ever-disappearing natural spaces came to mean more than my perceived right to recreate. In a world of nearly 8 billion people, it seems to me that an “unconfined type of recreation,” whether by wheel or foot or hoof, is something we can no longer so liberally afford, knowing others will follow and it will definitely leave a mark.
This may seem heretical to any seasoned adventurer, but my goal now is to not seek out the distant horizon, to no longer venture off the beaten path, for the risk that doing so will create new ones. Now when I think of Wilderness with a capital “W,” I picture a place where we humans exercise as much restraint as possible. Not that we shouldn’t enter; we should just do so carefully, with respect and awe and leaving as few footprints as we’re able, letting nature exist in a state of hopeful grace.
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Response from longtime Greater Yellowstone conservationist and wilderness advocate Ann Harvey of Jackson Hole: Good essay. Thanks, Michael. But you did get one thing wrong. The Wilderness Act of 1964 contained the prohibition on mechanical transport from the beginning. It wasn’t an amendment added in 1984. See section 4(3)(c), Prohibition of Certain Uses: “(c) Except as specifically provided for in this Act, and subject to existing private rights, there shall be no commercial enterprise and no permanent road within any wilderness area designated by this Act and, except as necessary to meet minimum requirements for the administration of the area for the purpose of this Act (including measures required in emergencies involving the health and safety of persons within the area), there shall be no temporary road, no use of motor vehicles, motorized equipment or motorboats, no landing of aircraft, no other form of mechanical transport, and no structure or installation within any such area.” Every word of the Wilderness Act was carefully considered, with the legislation going through something like 65 drafts. And you’re right, the bottom line behind the establishment of Wilderness Areas is restraint—the responsibility to leave some areas as wild as we can, for the wildlife that live there and so that future generations can get a glimpse of the wildness people today can still experience. As you point out, it’s less than 3% of the Lower 48 set aside as wilderness. Surely we can afford that.
"Mechanical Transport. Any contrivance for moving people or material in or over land, water, or air, having moving parts, that provides a mechanical advantage to the user, and that is powered by a living or nonliving power source. This includes, but is not limited to, sailboats, hang gliders, parachutes, bicycles, game carriers, carts, and wagons. It does not include wheelchairs when used as necessary medical appliances. It also does not include skis, snowshoes, rafts, canoes, sleds, travois, or similar primitive devices without moving parts."
Statement from Pagagonia about why the company published this piece: "Our goal at Patagonia MTB is to connect and activate the mountain bike community as a force to protect our public lands—the lands on which we ride—but our wild places are under threat and species are diminishing at an alarming rate. Protecting that biodiversity is Patagonia’s first priority, regardless of sport or location, and the Wilderness Act provides a well-tested “gold standard” for doing so. You can ride a mountain bike in many places, but sensitive species can survive only in their specific ecosystem with minimal disturbance. Whatever the intention, we feel any change to the Wilderness Act—especially changes supported by anti-conservation politicians—could open the door to weakening it on many fronts, and protecting these natural spaces is far too valuable to risk purely for the sake of recreation."
Postnote about the legislation mentioned by Michael Ferrentino: Congressional members supporting S.3205, S.1695. and H.R. 1349 supporting an unprecedented push to open up federal Wilderness to mountain biking included Sen. Mike Lee (R-Utah), Sen. Orrin Hatch (R-Utah), and Rep. Tom McClintock (R-Calif.), all of whom are among the Center for Biological Diversity’s “Top 15 Public Lands Enemies” and have some of the worst environmental voting records in Congress. Lee has also been a proponent of having federal lands divested and turned over to states where they could then be sold off to the highest private bidders.
About Michael Ferrentino
Michael Ferrentino is a noted mountain bike journalist and is former editor in chief of BIKE magazine. Also respected for his knowledge of trends in the mountain biking industry, he continues to write a popular column for BIKE and has been a consultant to several different companies.
